Research Paper: Thirty Years War
On November 4, 1619 Frederick became King and the war shifted into the Holy Roman Empire. A year and four days later, the battle of White Mountain broke out and the Protestant Union under Frederick now faced the Catholic League under Ferdinand. The Battle ended With a devastating loss for the Protestants. The war then shifted into the Palatinate phase that started in 1621 and ended 1624. Frederick V and other protestant rulers wanted to regain the Rhenium Palatinate from the Spanish and the Catholic League.
But since Frederick V lost the Bohemian Revolt, George Frederica attempted to prevent the Spanish Imperial army from coming together with the Catholic League. To do that, they set up a block but were soon attacked by Till)/s Catholic League in the Battle of Englishmen. However, Till ended up with the Spanish army anyways. The success was short lived when the Protestant defeat at Statehood on August 6, 1623 marked the end of the Palatinate phase. The war now moved into the Danish phase which covered the years of 1 625 through 1629.
The war was now seen as an international conflict. Christian IV raised 34,000 men but lacked the resources to keep them for very long. It was at this point that Willingness emerged to lead the Imperial army. On July 28, 1 625 Till crossed the Wiser River officially beginning the Danish Phase. Till’s troops ravaged the area around Brunswick and Christian withdrew to Veered. Wholesaling took his army of 20,000 to occupy Magnitude and set up his headquarters. Mansfield tried to attack over the bridge at Odessa on April 25, 1626 but faced a devastating loss.
In July, Willingness spilt his army up by sending part of them to Till and taking the rest in pursuit of Mansfield. Till caught up with Christian in the Village of L utter where he was then defeated. The Danish army was broken and the Hungarian campaign came to nothing. Between Gabon and Willingness signed a truce and it was later that Mansfield fell ill and died. On March 6, 1629 the Edict of Restitution was put in place. All properties seized by Protestants since 1 552 were to be returned and a special commission was created to oversee the process.
The Edict also permitted the expulsion of Protestants from Catholic lands. No Calvinist state would be alerted and the commissioners had the right to raise troops to enforce their rulings. Thousands of Protestants were driven to exile or were forced to convert. The fourth phase of the war was the Swedish phase that was from 1630 till 1635. The war was resumed when King Gustavo II Adolph Of Sweden arrived with an army, marking the start of the Swedish phase of the war.
Gustavo refused to accept the Treaty of Lubbock and wanted to take territory in Pomeranian and other north German coastal areas to secure his previously won acquisitions in Finland and the Baltic Sea. In 1 631, on May 20th, Till defeated Germ an forces and seized Magnitude, but the Imperial army was defeated by Gustavo, at the Battle of Brownfield, on September 17, 1631. In 1632, Till died and Gustavo was killed during a battle of L;taken on November 16, 1632. Axel Generations, the Swedish chancellor, assumed command of the Swedish army and continued receiving the military assistance of Bernard.
Axel recognized the vulnerability of the Swedish position near the Danube River, so he initiated contact with the French chief minister, Cardinal De Richer, which resulted eventually in transforming this original religious war to a modern political struggle. Willingness, who had alienated many of his officers and troops through his Catholic radicalism, was assassinated on February 25, 1634. Later that year, the Imperial armies under Ferdinand scored a major victory over the Swedish-German army at a battle on September 6, 1634.
By that time, both sides were exhausted and both Catholic and Protestants striver for peace. The Peace of Prague on May 30, 635 over powered the Edict of Restitution and returned some lands to Protestant leaders. The last phase of the war is the French phase. Cardinal De Richer, chief minister to King Louis XIII of France, attacked Spain in May, 1635. Spain had been held by the Hapsburg, and Cardinal believed that French security required the defeat and containment of the Hapsburg. France went to war with the Hapsburg–in Spain and in Central Europe. There was some realignment of allies.
Christian IV of Denmark became an ally of the Hapsburg and was defeated during a two-year Swedish-Danish War from 1643-1645. Despite occasional setbacks, such as the defeat on November 24-25, 1643, French forces were ultimately successful. The Swedish won at the Second Battle of Brownfield on November 2, 1642. The Hapsburg lost their Bavarian ally when it entered a separate peace with France and Sweden on March 14, 1647, but within six months Bavaria had reentered the war. Ferdinand Ill continued the war until the Hapsburg were defeated on May 17, 1648, and on August 20, 1648.
