RESEARCH PAPER
Take a look of owe fashion can lose its “glamour”. ‘The textile production industry is one of the oldest and most technologically complex of all industries,” says Michael I. Greenberg and he is right (574). Textiles have been present in humans almost since its creation. Cavemen, for example, wore animal skins and garments made of herbs and leaves (Miller par. 2). The textile industry began as a cottage industry. For the Industrial Revolution between the 1 7th and 1 9th centuries, textiles became an industrial practice. From this revolution, a series of inventions are created for the industry’.
The first invent for this time, was he flying shuttle. John Kay created this machine on 1733, it allowed double the capacity of weaving and spinning process was performed with a spinning wheel (Solvate par. 1-2). While the textile industry grew, so did fashion. In the 19th century, fashion magazines-?such as the French La Mode Illus.’se, the Variability’s Realm, and the American Goddess Lady’s Book-?proliferated and flourished. They featured articles, hand-colored illustrations (known as fashion plates), and advertisements, fashion magazines.
Together with other developments such as the sewing machine, department stores, and ready-to- ear clothing produced in standard sizes, these magazines played a significant role in promoting the demagnification of fashion in the modern era. (Major). Nowadays, the machines, production and consumption of textiles for the fashion marketing has increased in an extreme way. Focusing in terms of the manufacturing process, the textile industry can be divided into four main stages: 1) production of the strand, 2) spinning weaving and punching, 3) fabric finishing, and 4) manufacturing textiles.
Production of the strand comprises the preparation of both natural and synthetic fibers. The fabrics are produced by flat weaving process, knitting fiber or punching. Most Of the part Of the thread is sent to the yarn or fabric plants producing various tissues, from which the textile products are known. The third stage is the process of textile finishing. The whole cycle of finishing consists of mechanical and chemical processes, which are used depending on the kinds and end uses of the fabric.
Mechanical processes include drying, calendaring, christening, embossing and chemical processes include in the application of special substances on the fabric, impregnation with size, starch, Dexedrine and there polymeric substances. The final step in the manufacturing process is to manufacture a range of products from finished fabrics. (Baroque par. 5) In this final stage is when all of the residual water takes place by removing small amounts during operations scouring or treating the strand at this stage of production.
Throughout the whole textile industry, the wastewater varies in respect of quantity and in natural fibers and chemical fibers with strands or fabrics are treated to processing. Textile processing plants use a wide variety of dyes and other chemicals, including acids, bases, salts, wetting agents, dyes ND other auxiliary finishes. (Bob¶require par. 6) Therefore, the combined effluents from textile plants may contain all or any of these components. Since many textile processes are handled batch wise, the concentrations of the residual materials can vary significantly.
Some processes require highly acidic conditions while others are highly alkaline. Accordingly, the pH of the wastewater can also vary greatly over a period of time. (Bob¶require par. 7) The textile industry uses high volumes of water throughout its operations. On average, approximately 200 liters of water are required to produce 1 keg of sixties. Besides the large volumes of water waste generated, and the wide variety of chemicals used throughout processing, it is necessary to consider the situation the world and this generation is having because of this kind of industries (Patti par. ). For example, cotton cultivation needs a lot of water and fresh water is scare. Another problem is that textile processing can cause severe water pollution. Both issues have impact on the availability and the quality of fresh water in production and processing areas (CB). This is a serious environmental problem because there are few industries hat are responsible for purifying wastewater, pouring untreated directly into rivers and turning them into a macabre chemical filled with synthetic dyes and other toxic soups.
Dyes and synthetic dyes are designed to resist the action of light, water and chemicals in the tissues; however, these properties are precisely preventing biodegrading in the environment. These toxins can be hormone disruptor, affecting the reproductive system and even be carcinogenic. Incorporated into the food chain and filtered soil and groundwater. According to recent research, up to 70% of rivers, lakes and services in China are polluted (Allan par. 1). Other problem caused by textile design is the air pollution.
Most processes performed in textile mills produce atmospheric emissions. Air pollution is the most difficult type of pollution to sample, test, and quantify in an audit. Air emissions can be classified according to the nature of their sources: -Point sources: ovens, boilers and storage tanks. -Diffusive: solvent-based, spills, wastewater treatment and warehouses. Textile mills usually generate nitrogen and sulfur oxides from boilers. Hydrocarbons are emitted from drying ovens and from mineral oils in high- enrapture drying/curing.
These processes can emit formaldehyde, acids, softeners, and other volatile compounds. Residues from fib preparation sometimes emit pollutants during heat setting processes. Carriers and solvents may be emitted during dyeing operations depending on the types of dyeing processes used and from wastewater treatment plant operations. Carriers used in batch dyeing of disperse dyes may lead to balkanization of aqueous chemical emulsions during heat setting, drying, or curing stages.
Acetic acid and formaldehyde are two major emissions of concern in textiles (Patti par. 8). Other environmental impact is the solid waste pollution. The primary residual wastes generated from the textile industry are non- hazardous. These include scraps of fabric and yarn, off-specification yarn and fabric and packaging waste. There are also wastes associated with the storage and production of yarns and textiles, such as chemical storage drums, cardboard reels for storing fabric and cones used to hold yarns for dyeing and knitting.
Cutting room waste generates a high volume of fabric scraps, which can often be reduced by increasing fabric utilization efficiency in cutting and sewing (Patti Para. 11). This is not bad at all. When it actually starts to be a problem is when all the residual wastes goes ahead to other countries that are undeveloped places, and what a better example than Africa. The bran named Levis, a production company known worldwide jeans, for example, has affected Africa by jolting its waste their fabrics and equipment causing harm to people and the environment in all kind of ways (Arable;ex. par. ). Even though the textile industry affects in a severe way the environment, there is something left to do. Among the possible solutions to these serious problems, We kick to find effective treatment at least Of wastewater alternatives, governments guarantee that such treatments are mandatory for the companies being (Allan par. 5). There are some fashion companies that care about environmental impacts because of their manufacturing, such as Louis Button, Alexander Macaque, Gucci and TAX. (Fabian Hound).
Another solution bring with us the consumers themselves, relying on a model of responsible consumption. So we can inform policies that are clothing brands in both environmental and labor rights, supporting brands with greater social and environmental responsibility. We should not underestimate the power e have as consumers, every time we buy a garment; we are supporting the production model and the model of society wanted. Echo-fashion or sustainable fashion is becoming a very attractive option for consumers (Allan par. 7).
This echo-fashion is to use recycled materials or to make shoes, bags, belts and jewelry products, and natural fibers for the manufacture Of clothing, in order to protect the environment. Its turning those waste materials, which previously ended up in the garbage, pollution the environment, reusable products and make them useful in developing new products that are being used in decoration and many other fields of raw trial industry, and in the case of fashion, these wastes are transformed by designers, in everything that has to do in clothing, accessories and jewelry (Achievers par. 1).
