Gender Equality (1603 words)

Gender Equality
Gender equality has been a social concern since man step foot on earth. When we
think of gender equality discrimination against women is what comes to mind, but
in recent years psychologist and sociologist have began to study how men are
discriminated against. It is considered general knowledge that men still make
more money a year then women, and it is true that men hold most of the position
of power in society. Recent studies have concluded that there is an aspect of
society that discriminates against men. This aspect of society is deeply rooted
in the American culture, and it is hard to name, to discuses, and to study.

Gender roles for men, then are viewed not as biological givens, but as social
constructions created from the expectations of social forces such as parents,
teachers, peers, and the media about what constitute masculinity {(Pleck, 1995)
Mahalik 1998}. Men are socialized to believe in the importance of success,
power, and competitiveness. Because the male socialization experience is
theorized to create negative feelings such as anxiety and shame related to all
things feminine, the development of rigid traditional male roles, or male gender
role conflict {(O’Neil, Helms, Gable, David, ; Wrightsman, 1986) Mahalik
1998}. Looking at male emotional socialization from the framework of the gender
role strain paradigm, many boys are required to block their feelings and
restrict the expression of their vulnerable and caring emotions {(Levant)
Mahalik 1998}. Because of this, “a man experiences any particular facet of
self that he considers feminine with great conflict and anxiety, because he
believes it threatens his manhood” (Mahalik, Cournoyer, Defranc, Cherry, and
Napolitano 1998). As a result of this fear of femininity, men are believed to
over conform to traditional male roles as a coping strategy to avoid femininity
{(Pleck, 1995) Mahalik 1998}. Men are taught to use their roles prescribed by
society as a psychological defense. When a man is confronted with an situation
instead of dealing with the problem, men tend to fall back on the stereotypical
masculine gender roles. Men hold their emotions inside and although they may not
be immediately affected our health and well – being suffers in the long run. The
improper socialization of males in American society affects all demographics of
society. It affects men across socio – economic classes, and races and cultures.

Improper socialization of males is an interesting topic to research and study
because it affects the entire male population and it is going to take society as
a whole working together to correct the problem. One way to began changing how
males are socialized is to make the population aware of the psychological
effects “gender role conflicts”. In mental health institutions, at
hospitals, and colleges and universities there is an array of journals, pathlets,
and articles written about how women are discriminated and socialized. With the
new millennium approaching the effects of male socialization needs to be an
equally important issue on the public policy agenda. More research needs to be
done and published so that the message can spread throughout the country and the
scholarly community. For background information two articles from the Journal of
Counseling Psychology will be discus. The first, “Men’s Gender Role Conflict
and Use of Psychological Defenses” by James R. Mahilik, Robert J. Cournoyer,
William DeFranc, Marcus Cherry, and Jeffrey M. Napolitano examines the way males
are socialized and the way that their socialization affects how they respond in
anxious situations. Specifically, the researchers are trying to determine if
there is a relationship between stereotypical macho male roles and psychological
defense mechanisms. There were one hundred and fifteen participants in this
study. All participants in this study were males. Some of the participants were
college students, others were from various clubs and organizations, and others
were from church groups. The average age of the participants was 26.45 years.

The participants were from a variety of cultural backgrounds, but the vast
majority were white. The participants were first asked to complete the Gender
Role Conflict Scale. This scale measures success, power, and competition;
restrictive emotionality; restrictive affectionate behavior between men; and
conflicts between work and family relations. The Defense Mechanism Inventory was
used to measure the use of defense mechanisms. The Defense Mechanism Inventory
measures the five clusters of defenses. The clusters include: turning object,
projection, principalization, turning against self, and reversal. The
participants read ten short stories that describe interpersonal relationships
and involve some level of conflict. Each story was followed by four questions.

The questions asked the participants to think about how they would act in the
situation