Terrorism (1502 words)
Terrorism
Terrorism by nature is difficult to define. Acts of terrorism conjure emotional
responses in the victims as well as in the practitioners. No two writers agree
on what is terrorism. Even the U.S. government cannot agree on one single
definition. The old adage, “One man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom
fighter” is still alive and well today (“Terrorism Research Center:
Definitions” 1). Although many people believe that terrorism is evil, it is
merely misunderstood because there is no set definition. Terrorist are
responsible to most of the freedom movements in every country. Terrorist have
used violence to get their point across to the public. These acts are often
necessary for the success of the movement or cause. The use of this violence can
be justified in several ways. You can’t make an omelet without breaking some
eggs has been used by terrorist to describe their actions. Terrorism has been
used by governments and against them. It has been used as part of a campaign by
guerrillas who have widespread support and by small groups. Terrorism has been
used in societies where grievances can be expressed freely and where free speech
is suppressed. In a well organized guerrilla campaign, for example, the main
goal might be to destroy the governments military forces. The violence is
limited to acts which will achieve that objective. This might be destroying a
factory which is making arms, or putting out of action part of the government
army, or bombing an airfield so that it cannot be used by government aircraft.
In some cases, the use of terrorism appears to be a reaction to the
disintegration of law and order. A stable society has normally evolved peaceful
ways of keeping order and handling disputes between its members without
violence. Once law and order breaks down, as they do in civil wars, members of
society have to defend themselves in different ways. There may be in a situation
where government forces are using terrorism and guerrilla forces the same
methods in return. Other groups in society start using violence to defend this
right and so a climate of terror emerges. What little law and order remains is
maintained solely by the strongest groups using fear (Freeman 43). Terrorism has
been used by groups of the right in an attempt to uphold the established system.
In Northern Ireland Protestant extremist groups have used terrorism against
those fighting for a united Ireland. There have been similar groups in Italy and
Latin America Fighting for the return to more authoritarian and conservative
forms of government. There are many different kinds of terrorism, this makes
defining the word difficult. Guerrilla warfare is used in most revolutions and
is a form of terrorism, whether it is indiscriminate terrorism (example: the
bombing of a public places) or terrorism aimed only upon the government.
Terrorism can also be used by a government to control its people. War between
countries is a place were terrorism is used immensely in order to strike fear
into an enemy (The Encyclopedia America 523). Terrorism is often a weapon of
last resort. Most revolutions began as guerrilla terrorism. The American
Revolution started out as terrorist acts against England. The “Boston Tea
Party” is a prime example of terrorism. Colonial revolutionaries sneaked
aboard an English Tea Merchant Ships, where they threw hundreds if not thousands
of dollars worth of tea into the Atlantic Ocean. Americans today think of that
incident as a stride to freedom, but the English look at it as the beginning of
countless terrorist acts. The Law and Order Maintenance Act of 1962 in Rhodesia
(now Zimbabwe) included among its definitions of terrorist as anyone who went on
strike if an essential service was put at risk as a result. These strikes led to
the revolution of the Zimbabwe people from the Rhodesia (English) government
(Freeman 21). In South Africa, the burning of the Identification cards and the
bombing of several military bases by the A.N.C. (African National Congress) was
the beginning of an independence movement against the Afrikaners. Terrorism is
often the start of a revolution that makes the country and even the world a
better place. The IRA (Irish Republican Army) would argue that they too are
fighting a colonial government, the British government, which is continuing to
occupy part of Ireland (Freeman 41). One of the most important duties of any
government is to maintain law and order. It usually does this through a system
of laws which are enforced by a police force (“Terrorism Research Center:
Information Terrorism” 3). In democratic countries, these laws are drawn up
and approved by representatives of the people as a whole. These conditions are
not common in the modern world. In all too many places basic human rights are
suppressed. The laws are made by a minority, sometimes with no pretence of
discussion at all. The most extreme form of government terrorism is what people
might call a “reign of terror.” This phrase was first used in the
French Revolution, during which the Revolutionary Tribunal sent increasing
numbers of the people to their death (1793-1794). As panic and tension built up,
terror was the order of the day. Any suspected “enemy of the people”
(persons against the revolution) could be round up and often ended their life
under the guillotine. Maximilien Robespierre, the leading figure of the
Revolutionary Government, believed that terror could be used to create a new
“Republic of Virtue.” The “enemies of the people” were
sacrificed to protect others who might follow their example (Freeman 13). The
government of the former Soviet Union used terrorism mainly through wide-ranging
laws which enabled it to pick up opponents on charges such as spreading
“anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda” and “disseminating
fabrications known to be false which defame the Soviet state and social
system”. The combination of vague laws with the possibility of detention
without trial is one of the commonest forms of government terrorism. This form
helps keep the people from revolting during drastic times of government trouble
such as war recovery and financial difficulties. Many anti-terrorists today
believe that the governments of today and yesteryear have used terrorism during
wars. These acts can be the bombing of a city, an assassination, even the threat
of a new deadlier weapon. Between 1936 and 1939 Spain was revenged by a bitter
civil war. The Republican government had been faced with a right-wing
nationalist uprising, which had received support from the Fascist governments of
Germany and Italy. Guernica a small town in the Basque region of Spain
(Republican government territory), was saturation bombed by German planes. The
center of the town was left in flames and perhaps a thousand civilians were
killed. This marked a new phase in war – the indiscriminate bombing of a
civilian populous (Freeman 7). The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the
United States were acts of terrorism. Admiral William D. Leahy, Chief of Staff
to the President Truman, remarked: “My own feeling was that in being the
first to use it we had adopted the ethical standards common to barbarians in the
dark ages. I was not taught to make war in that fashion.” The atomic bombs
used by the American Armed Forces struck fear into every nation on every
continent. The beginning of the Cold War was a direct cause of this
“terrorism” (Freeman 8). Some people have argued that terrorism has a
simple cause. It is a weapon of the poor against the rich, of the oppressed
against the oppressor. It only occurs when there is a grievance that cannot be
voiced in any other way. Looking back at the sort of situations in which
terrorism has been used against governments, we can see that a simple defination
is not enough. Also, there are so many cases of oppression and poverty where
terrorism has not been used. Terrorism has been used by separatist movements,
who wish to form an independent nation by breaking away from the current
government. One of the best-known is ETA, a Basque nationalist movement which
wishes to establish a separate Basque state in northern Spain and souther
France. ETA has carried out a long campaign which has included the assassination
of a Spanish Prime Minister, and the leaving of bombs in Spain’s tourist
resorts. The gunmen who occupied the Iranian Embassy in London were also
separatists. They wanted greater independence for the province of Khuzistan. In
Holland in 1975 a group hijacked a train as part of a campaign for the greater
independence movement of South Moluccan Islands in Indonesia. In Qu?bec in 1970
the Front de la Lib?ration de Qu?bec carried out kidnappings and a murder on
behalf of independence for French-speaking Quebec. Separatist movements have
been a common source of terrorist attacks. The word terrorism has many
definitions. Several of the meanings depict all terrorists as evil villains that
love death. Others make terrorists out of almost everyone. The multitudes of
meanings even makes the practitioners contemplate if they are terrorist or not.
Terrorist have actually made the earth into a better place; terrorist acts have
brought good changes to countries they have stopped thousands of unnecessary
deaths, and have even stopped wars. The reign of the bomb wielding maniac is
over they have been misunderstood from the beginning, the era of the
misconceived over zealous radicals has begun.
Bibliography
London: Batsford Academic and Educational Limited, 1983. Thomas, Benjamin.
“Terrorism.” The Encyclopedia America International Edition. Vol. 26.
1995 ed. The Terrorism Research Center: Definitions. {Online} Available http://terrorism.com/terrorism/def.html.
The Terrorism Research Center: Information Terrorism. {Online} Available http://terrorism.com/terrorism/itpaper.html.
