Level Supporting Teaching and Learning in Schools Unit 201 Outcome 1.1
Sarah Waddington Outcome 1. 1 – Complete a chart showing the expected pattern of children’s development. Age| Communication| Physical Development| Moral Development| Cognitive Development| Social and Emotional Development| 0-3 Months| Babies cry to attract attention for its needs, e. g. when hungry or upset. Around 6-8 weeks old, sounds develop – coos and chuckles join crying as a way to attract attention. | Babies are born with instinctive reactions, for example, rooting, swallowing and suckling, These ensure the baby can feed.
Babies lose their scrunched up appearance Babies start to be able to focus on objects, or the people holding the objects at around one month Babies at around 3 months begin to be able to lift and turn their heads. Babies are spending a lot of time sleeping | | Babies can recognise their mother from birth through smell and hearing. Babies are learning about the people around them, and a soothing voice at around a month begins to have an effect on calming a baby. Babies are beginning to notice bright and colourful things in their environment. People close to the baby start to hear the baby use different cries: one sort of cry may mean “I’m thirsty” and another may tell you “I’m tired”. Babies begin to enjoy rituals like bath time at around 3 months. | 3-6 Months| Babies begin to express themselves with their voice more, squealing when happy. Babies are beginning to show that they understand what is being said to them, and are trying to communicate back with sounds, and also with actions like lifting their arms when they want to be picked up. | Babies in this age group are beginning to get stronger, and have a little more control over their bodies.
They are able to sit up, and roll over. Babies are beginning to cut their first teeth. Babies in this age group are sleeping less, and they have usually settled into a routine where they sleep for a period, but also have times where they are much more active and playful. | | Babies will start to explore textures through touch, and through putting things in their mouth. Babies are able to move things between their hands. Babies are starting to want to hold the spoon when being fed, thought the fine motor skills are not yet developed enough for them to be able to feed themselves completely.
Babies begin to notice brightly coloured objects around them, for example a mobile over the baby’s cot. | Babies are smiling at people, especially those which the baby is familiar with, much more, showing they are very happy when being interacted with. | 6-12 Months| A baby’s language is beginning to become more tuneful, firstly developing into strings of babbling, and the strings of sounds are getting longer. Babies are beginning to understand the meaning of words, such as ‘dinner’, and get excited when they hear these familiar words. Babies also start to use finger pointing to draw adults’ attention to things. Babies are beginning to get mobile, they are crawling or bottom shuffling. Babies can also sit up unsupported. Babies are using their hands where possible to help feed themselves, for example with a piece of toast. Babies enjoy touching and moving things with their hands As they get near their 1st birthday, they are strengthening their leg muscles in preparation for walking, by pulling themselves up onto their feet. Some babies are able to walk whilst holding onto the furniture for support. At this time, a baby’s eyesight is just as well developed as an adult, and they can move incredibly quickly. | The daily routine is beginning to become familiar to the baby, and baby may well get excited about the parts of their day that they enjoy the most. | Babies begin to get clingy, because they realise that people don’t cease to exist because they can’t see them, and as such, they want to be with their adults, and anxiousness around strangers develops. | 1-2 Years| Toddlers, whilst still initially using strings of babbling to communicate, are adding more and more recognisable words to their vocabulary, and by the age of 2, are able to point to objects and name them, and are chatting recognisably. Toddlers are now moving on two legs, firstly “toddling” meaning that the child is walking with a side to side motion, and then, much more confidently, walking. As their balance improves, the toddler might enjoy moving toys, such as being able to push along with their legs on sit and ride toys, and later on, running around, and climbing. | Toddlers are beginning to realise that they are a person in their own right, but the world still exists to serve them, and they will protest if they don’t get what they want. As well as developing strength in their limbs for walking, the toddler is also developing their fine motor skills more and more, they enjoy using building blocks and bricks, and simple puzzles like jigsaws. | Toddlers are beginning to want to be more independent, and don’t enjoy being thwarted, even when it’s for their own good! A toddler’s temper shows itself for the first time during this age group, but they are also developing more positive reactions such as laughter, and squealing with enjoyment. | 2-4 Years| Children beginning to be able to express themselves with speech.
They are beginning to join words together, to make firstly two-word compounds, and then sentences that make sense and can be understood easily. Children by age 4 are enjoying communicating through speech and being able to ask questions. | This is the age at which accidents are common. Children are able to climb up to reach things, but are unaware of the danger this poses. Toilet training begins in earnest in this age group, and if a child is ready, can take a matter of days. Children are able to walk up a flight of stairs using alternate feet by the end of this age group, rather than ascending one step at a time.
Toys such as climbing frames, park equipment and trikes are very popular, as these help to build strength in large muscle groups. | Children in this age group don’t understand right from wrong, but they do understand the word no, and by the end of this age group, they can follow a simple set of rules most of the time, but this is because they crave adult approval and recognition. | Children are interested in making marks and painting, and enjoy stories and pretend play, especially copying behaviour they have seen from their adult with their toys.
Children by the end of this age group can usually dress and feed themselves. | Children in this age group become gradually more and more interested in playing with other children. At first, they play on their own, in the same area (Parallel Play), gradually moving to beginning to copy the actions of children nearby, and then wanting to play with other children and making friends. | 4-7 Years| Children begin to formally learn to read at the beginning of this age group, and we see them becoming more and more confident in their ability to read.
They begin to play with language, learning how to tell jokes and riddles, and learning about the impact of words on others, with the use of persuasion and argument. | Fine Motor skills are developing; Children are becoming very skilful with a pair of scissors, or threading things. Handwriting becomes much more neat and legible in this age group. Children gaining in coordination throughout this age group. Physical development is beginning to slow down| Children in this age group are cooperative and keen to follow rules, and they like it when their good behaviour is acknowledged and praised.
They respond well to being given responsibility. | Children in this age group are beginning to be able to concentrate on a task, especially when it has piqued their interest. Children are learning basic numeracy, and developing the ability to do simple mathematical calculations, Children begin to formally learn to read at the beginning of this age group, and we see them becoming more and more confident in their ability to read. As they get older, children begin to enjoy reading to themselves silently, as opposed to reading out loud to an adult. Friends become much more important to children in this age group, there can be tensions in newly established friendships, minor squabbles and the like, but as the children get older, the friendships become more stable. | 7-12 Years| Children in this age group are becoming skilled communicators, capable of expressing themselves in spoken, written visual form to name a few. They are becoming able to use their imaginations more and more in expressing themselves| This age group sees children being comfortable in their own skin to begin with, and gaining coordination.
As we reach the end of this age group, we may see the beginnings of body changes ready for puberty. | Children become more thoughtful in this age group, and more aware of the consequences of their actions. They also are beginning to understand why rules in society are necessary. | Children are beginning to assess where there skills lie, and know what they are good at. Their reasoning and problem solving skills are improving all the time. | Children are starting to crave responsibility as we reach this age group, and will respond with great enthusiasm.
Children are now able to form much firmer friendships, and the bonds only become stronger as we reach the end of this age group, as children begin to push the boundaries with their parents. Children may start to become anxious about the pressures on them as we reach the end of this age range. | 12-16 Years| Children in this age group have grown to have good reading and writing skills, and are beginning to be able to take advantage of technologies like mobile phones and computers to communicate. Puberty hits both boys and girls in this age group. Girls tend to mature faster than boys, and on average, their physical changes are complete by around 16 years old. Boys tend to be a little older. We may see some clumsiness and poor spatial awareness due to the changes in body size and shape which seem to happen overnight. | The understanding of why rules are necessary is developing throughout this age group, as is the understanding of what is right and wrong, though this will be influenced by peer pressure as time goes on.
Children begin to develop an interest in “fairness” in the outer world, and take a keen interest in moral issues. | Children in this age group are beginning to develop the ability to think abstractly, and will question sources of information in order to form their own opinion. We see children developing a clear preference for either arts or sciences. By the end of this age group we see children thinking about their futures, and what career they would like to follow, and what further education or vocational education they need to embark on to achieve this. Children in this age group are actively spending more time with their peers rather than their families, and as such, we see that peer pressure is becoming a massive influence on the child. The huge changes that the child is experiencing physically can make the child become less self-confident. | 16-19 Years| The use of technology as a communication tool is becoming more and more important. | Boys and girls physical changes conclude in this age group, so that we now have young men and women. Young people can be confused and disappointed about discrepancies between stated values, and actual behaviour of family and friends which leads to feelings of frustration, anger, sorrow, and isolation. Young people may be interested in sex as response to physical and emotional urges and as a way to participate in the adult world (but not necessarily an expression of mature intimacy). | Young people can experience drops in their self-esteem levels, as they begin to find their way in the world, and are unsure how their particular talents fit into the world at large. Young people can become seriously concerned about the future.
They begin to integrate their knowledge, leading to decisions about their future. | Relationships with parents range from friendly to hostile. The young person may feel that parents are too interested in their lives. The young person usually has many friends. Young people in this age group vary greatly in their level of maturity, they may be uncomfortable, or enjoy activities with opposite sex. Young people in this group may be involved in a serious romantic relationship. We find that young people are worrying about failing in something they care about, bi it academically, or
